Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are diagnostic procedures used to collect bone marrow samples for examination under a microscope to evaluate the health and function of the bone marrow. At SHIFAA PAN African Hospitals, our Hematology Department performs bone marrow aspiration and biopsy procedures with precision and expertise, contributing to accurate diagnosis and treatment planning for various hematologic disorders.

Procedure:

• Patient Preparation: Before the procedure, the patient’s medical history, current medications, and relevant laboratory test results are reviewed. The patient may receive local anesthesia or sedation to minimize discomfort during the procedure.
• Positioning: The patient is positioned comfortably, usually lying face down or on their side, to access the posterior iliac crest (hip bone) or sternum (breastbone) for bone marrow aspiration and biopsy.
• Aspiration: A thin needle is inserted through the skin and into the bone marrow cavity to aspirate (withdraw) a small sample of liquid bone marrow. The needle may be inserted multiple times at different sites to collect an adequate sample.
• Biopsy: After the aspiration, a larger needle is used to obtain a core biopsy of bone marrow tissue from the same site. The needle is inserted and rotated to obtain a cylindrical tissue sample, which is then removed for analysis.
• Hemostasis and Dressing: Pressure is applied to the aspiration and biopsy sites to promote hemostasis (blood clotting). Sterile dressings are applied to the insertion sites to prevent infection and protect the area.

Indications:

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy may be performed to:

• Diagnose hematologic disorders (anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, myelodysplastic syndromes)
• Evaluate unexplained cytopenias (low blood cell counts)
• Monitor disease progression or response to treatment
• Investigate unexplained fever, weight loss, or bone pain
• Assess bone marrow function before stem cell transplantation

Risks and Complications:

While bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are generally safe procedures, they may carry some risks and potential complications, including:

• Pain or discomfort at the aspiration or biopsy site
• Bleeding or hematoma formation
• Infection at the procedure site
• Damage to surrounding structures (nerves, blood vessels)
• Rarely, allergic reactions to anesthesia or medications

Precautions:

To minimize the risks associated with bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, the procedures are performed by skilled healthcare professionals using sterile techniques and appropriate anesthesia or sedation. Patients are monitored closely during and after the procedure for any signs of complications, and post-procedure care instructions are provided.

 

Why might I need a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy?

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are performed to diagnose hematologic disorders, evaluate unexplained cytopenias, monitor disease progression, and assess bone marrow function before stem cell transplantation.

 

How is the bone marrow aspiration and biopsy procedure performed?

The procedure involves inserting needles into the bone marrow cavity to aspirate a liquid sample and obtain a core biopsy of bone marrow tissue. Local anesthesia or sedation may be used to minimize discomfort during the procedure.

 

Are there any risks or complications associated with bone marrow aspiration and biopsy?

While rare, potential risks include pain, bleeding, infection, and damage to surrounding structures. These risks are minimized through careful patient selection, skilled technique, and adherence to safety protocols.

 

What can I expect during recovery after a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy?

After the procedure, you may experience mild discomfort or soreness at the aspiration or biopsy site. Pain relief medications may be prescribed as needed. You will receive post-procedure instructions and follow-up care to ensure proper healing and monitor for any complications.

By offering expert bone marrow aspiration and biopsy services, our Hematology Department at SHIFAA PAN African Hospitals plays a vital role in diagnosing and managing hematologic disorders, contributing to improved patient outcomes and quality of life.