Measles, also known as rubeola, is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the measles virus (MeV). It primarily affects children but can occur in individuals of any age who have not been vaccinated or previously infected. At SHIFAA PAN African Hospitals, our Pediatric Department offers comprehensive care for children with measles, focusing on symptom management, preventing complications, and reducing the risk of transmission to others.

Symptoms:

• Fever: Measles often begins with a high fever, which may spike to 104°F (40°C) or higher.
• Rash: A characteristic rash typically appears two to four days after the onset of fever. The rash starts as flat red spots on the face and then spreads downward to the neck, trunk, arms, legs, and feet. The spots may become raised and merge together as the rash progresses.
• Cough: Children with measles may develop a dry cough, which can be persistent and worsen as the illness progresses.
• Runny Nose: Nasal congestion and a runny nose are common symptoms of measles, similar to those of a cold or flu.
• Conjunctivitis: Measles can cause redness and inflammation of the eyes, known as conjunctivitis or pink eye.
• Koplik’s Spots: Small white spots with bluish-white centers may appear inside the mouth on the inner lining of the cheeks, known as Koplik’s spots. These spots are considered characteristic of measles.
• Malaise: Children with measles may feel generally unwell, with symptoms of malaise, fatigue, and irritability.

Diagnosis:

Diagnosing measles is usually based on clinical symptoms, particularly the characteristic rash and a history of potential exposure to the virus. Laboratory tests, such as serologic testing or viral culture, may be performed to confirm the diagnosis in certain cases.

Treatment:

• Symptom Management: Treatment for measles primarily focuses on relieving symptoms and promoting comfort. Over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) can help reduce fever and alleviate discomfort. Humidifiers or steam inhalation may provide relief for nasal congestion and cough.
• Hydration: Encouraging children to drink plenty of fluids is important to prevent dehydration, especially if they have a fever or are experiencing respiratory symptoms.
• Rest: Adequate rest is essential for children with measles to support their immune system and facilitate recovery. Parents should ensure their child gets plenty of rest and avoids strenuous activities.
• Isolation: Children with measles should be kept home from school or daycare until they are no longer contagious, which typically occurs about four days after the rash appears.

Prevention:

• Vaccination: The measles vaccine is highly effective at preventing measles and is routinely recommended for children as part of routine immunization schedules. The vaccine is typically given as part of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine series.
• Immune Globulin: In certain situations, such as exposure to measles in a household contact or for immunocompromised individuals, measles immune globulin (IG) may be administered to prevent or attenuate the severity of the infection.
• Good Hygiene Practices: Practicing good hand hygiene and avoiding close contact with individuals who have measles can help reduce the risk of transmission.

While measles is usually a self-limiting illness that resolves within one to two weeks, complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis, or death can occur, particularly in young children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, it’s essential for parents to monitor their child’s symptoms closely and seek medical attention if concerns arise.

 

What are the typical symptoms of measles?

Common symptoms include fever, a characteristic rash, cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis, Koplik’s spots, malaise, and irritability.

 

How is measles diagnosed?

Diagnosis is usually based on clinical symptoms, particularly the characteristic rash, and a history of potential exposure to the virus. Laboratory tests may be performed to confirm the diagnosis in certain cases.

 

What treatments are available for measles?

Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and promoting comfort through measures such as acetaminophen for fever, hydration, rest, and supportive care for respiratory symptoms.

 

How can measles be prevented?

Prevention strategies include vaccination with the measles vaccine, measles immune globulin for high-risk individuals, and practicing good hand hygiene to reduce the risk of transmission.

 

When should I seek medical attention for my child’s measles?

Medical attention should be sought if complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis, or severe symptoms occur, or if the child’s condition worsens despite home care measures.