Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It primarily affects children but can also occur in adults who have not been vaccinated or previously infected. At SHIFAA PAN African Hospitals, our Pediatric Department offers comprehensive care for children with chickenpox, focusing on symptom management, preventing complications, and reducing the risk of transmission to others.

Symptoms:

• Rash: The hallmark symptom of chickenpox is a characteristic rash consisting of red spots that progress to fluid-filled blisters and then crust over. The rash typically starts on the face, chest, and back before spreading to other parts of the body.
• Fever: Children with chickenpox often develop a low-grade fever, which may precede the onset of the rash by a day or two.
• Fatigue: Chickenpox can cause general feelings of malaise and fatigue, leading to decreased energy levels and irritability in affected children.
• Itching: The rash associated with chickenpox can be intensely itchy, leading to discomfort and difficulty sleeping, especially at night.
• Loss of Appetite: Some children with chickenpox may experience a temporary loss of appetite due to fever and overall feelings of illness.

Diagnosis:

Diagnosing chickenpox is usually based on the characteristic appearance of the rash and associated symptoms. Laboratory tests are not typically required unless there is uncertainty about the diagnosis or if complications are suspected.

Treatment:

• Symptom Management: Treatment for chickenpox primarily focuses on relieving symptoms and promoting comfort. Over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) can help reduce fever and alleviate discomfort. Calamine lotion or oatmeal baths may be used to soothe itching.
• Hydration: Encouraging children to drink plenty of fluids is important to prevent dehydration, especially if they have a fever or are experiencing decreased appetite.
• Rest: Adequate rest is essential for children with chickenpox to support their immune system and facilitate recovery. Parents should encourage their child to rest as needed and avoid strenuous activities.
• Antiviral Medications: In some cases, antiviral medications such as acyclovir may be prescribed, particularly for children at higher risk of complications or those with severe symptoms.
• Isolation: Children with chickenpox should be kept home from school or daycare until all blisters have crusted over to prevent the spread of the virus to others.

Prevention:

• Vaccination: The varicella vaccine is highly effective at preventing chickenpox and is routinely recommended for children as part of routine immunization schedules in many countries.
• Immune Globulin: In certain situations, such as exposure to chickenpox in a household contact or for immunocompromised individuals, varicella-zoster immune globulin (VZIG) may be administered to prevent or attenuate the severity of the infection.
• Good Hygiene Practices: Practicing good hand hygiene and avoiding close contact with individuals who have chickenpox can help reduce the risk of transmission.

While chickenpox is usually a self-limiting illness that resolves within one to two weeks, complications such as bacterial skin infections, pneumonia, or encephalitis can occur, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or adults. Therefore, it’s essential for parents to monitor their child’s symptoms closely and seek medical attention if concerns arise.

 

What are the typical symptoms of chickenpox?

Common symptoms include a characteristic rash, fever, fatigue, itching, and loss of appetite.

 

How is chickenpox diagnosed?

Diagnosis is usually based on the characteristic appearance of the rash and associated symptoms. Laboratory tests are not typically required unless there is uncertainty about the diagnosis.

 

What treatments are available for chickenpox?

Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and promoting comfort through measures such as acetaminophen for fever, hydration, rest, and antiviral medications in some cases.

 

How can chickenpox be prevented?

Prevention strategies include vaccination, varicella-zoster immune globulin for high-risk individuals, and practicing good hygiene to reduce the risk of transmission.

 

When should I seek medical attention for my child’s chickenpox?

Medical attention should be sought if complications such as bacterial skin infections, pneumonia, or encephalitis are suspected, or if the child’s symptoms are severe or worsening.